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This has led to emerging interest in the immunomodulatory role of MFGM proteins and lipids. Among the latter, the proteins mucin 1, lactadherin and butyrophilin are present in high concentrations in MFGM, and have been reported to influence adaptive immunity. cholesterol, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and proteins, some of which are glycosylated. The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) thus contains various cellular components e.g. Milk fat globules in human milk are encircled by a membrane system with an inner monolayer, which originates from the endoplasmic reticulum of the mammary cells and an outer bilayer originating from the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the mammary gland during lactation. Human milk is plentiful in bioactive components with non-nutritive physiological activities with potential to favorably modulate immune ontogeny in infancy. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The funders were also enrolled in study design, data collection and preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: Data restrictions follow from the data protection legislation according to which it is not allowed to make personal data processed for research purposes publicly available. Author contribution of funders: Project Administration, B.C, A.H.
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XL, YP, ZL, HS, BL, OH and CW have received honoraria and/or travel grants or research grants from Arla Foods. BC is an employee of Arla Foods amba and AH is an employee of Arla Foods Ingredients. Arla Foods amba supplied the experimental and standard formulas. The authors did not have any special access privileges that others would not have.įunding: The study was financially supported by Arla Foods amba, Arla Innovation Center, Skejby, Denmark and Arla Foods Ingredients, Viby, Denmark. Data are however available from the local data protection manager Mette Bach Kristensen ( upon reasonable request re-specting the EU GDPR regulation in that situation, the datasets can be accessed in the same manner as for the authors.
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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The original data that support the findings of this study are available from Arla Foods amba, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Received: Accepted: MaPublished: May 13, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Li et al. PLoS ONE 16(5):Įditor: Dario Ummarino, PLOS, UNITED KINGDOM
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(2021) Serum cytokine patterns are modulated in infants fed formula with probiotics or milk fat globule membranes: A randomized controlled trial. Citation: Li X, Peng Y, Li Z, Christensen B, Heckmann AB, Lagerqvist C, et al.